Biology 30 Genetics Practice Test

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• What mutation affects the number or structure of whole chromosomes?
• Which principle states that dominant allele determines the phenotype in a heterozygote?
• Which statement best defines a gene in genetics?
• What describes genetic differences within a species?
• Which process describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein, beginning when mRNA leaves the nucleus and is read at the ribosome?
• What term refers to the new cells produced by cell division?
• What term refers to chromosome pairs that are approximately the same length and carry genes for the same characteristics at corresponding places, with one inherited from each parent?
• Which of the following outlines ethical considerations associated with CRISPR and germline editing?
• In a cross where contrasting traits are present in the parents, the offspring express only the dominant trait. This principle is called
• What type of cell division yields four genetically different daughter cells with half the chromosome number, also called reduction division?
• Which statement best describes DNA fingerprinting?
• What is the difference between a gene and an allele?
• Explain the role of restriction enzymes in cloning.
• What method separates macromolecules by size and charge?
• Which term describes a type of cell division that halves the chromosome number in the daughter cells?
• An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is called what?
• Which statement correctly describes a chromosomal mutation?
• Aneuploidy refers to abnormal chromosome number. Which of the following is a common human example?
• Which chromosomal mutation involves loss of genetic material from a chromosome?
• What describes the two identical halves of a single replicated chromosome joined at the centromere?
• What is the process by which two cells from different parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism?
• In genetics, what term describes the possibility or likelihood of outcomes?
• What are the roles of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis?
• A characteristic that varies from one individual to another is called what?
• Which term describes the process of taking a DNA fragment and combining it with another DNA strand to produce new genetic material?
• If the allele frequencies in a population are p and q, what are the Hardy-Weinberg genotype frequencies?
• Which term describes a chromosome-level genetic alteration?
• Which of the following describes the result of a dihybrid cross if the two genes are linked?
• Which process best explains genetic differences arising within a species during meiosis?
• What term describes a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in organisms?
• Which practice involves introducing healthy genes into a living organism to treat a disease?
• Traits controlled by many genes, producing a continuous range of phenotypes, are called
• Which law states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation?
• Which term describes the enzyme that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms?
• A cross that examines two different traits is known as what?
• What is incomplete dominance? Give the genotype-phenotype example.
• In PCR, which step is responsible for separating the DNA strands so primers can bind?
• Which term describes the generation resulting from a cross between two F1 individuals?
• Describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity.
• If a gene promoter becomes heavily methylated, what is the expected effect on transcription?
• How can pedigree data suggest an autosomal recessive inheritance?
• Which term describes the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome?
• What term describes individuals bred to be genetically identical at a specific locus, often true-breeding?
• The parental generation in a cross is also called what?
• Which genotype represents a homozygous dominant arrangement for a single trait?
• If both parents are carriers for an autosomal recessive trait, what percentage of their children will be affected?
• What term describes the movement of individuals and their genes between populations?
• Why are X-linked recessive traits more common in males than females?
• What is nondisjunction and what condition can result from it?
• A cross that examines a single trait is known as what?
• Which process involves the exchange of chromatids between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (also called gene shuffling)?
• What is the international project that aimed to sequence the human genome and identify all human genes?
• Name an ethical concern associated with gene therapy.
• Chargaff's rules describe base-pairing proportions in DNA: the amount of adenine equals thymine and the amount of cytosine equals guanine.
• What term describes condensed, coiled DNA during mitosis and meiosis?
• Which technology creates billions of copies of a DNA segment for analysis?
• What type of cell division yields two genetically identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the parent?
• Name the main enzymes involved in DNA replication and their roles.
• The study of biological mechanisms that will switch genes on and off.
• In genetics, what is a locus?
• What term describes unravelled and long DNA during interphase?
• During translation, what is the role of mRNA?
• An organism with two different alleles for a trait is called what?
• What is the term for a mutation that involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome?
• How does alternative splicing increase protein diversity from a single gene?
• How is gene expression regulated in prokaryotes? Use the lac operon as an example.
• Which enzyme cuts DNA at specific sequences, a key tool in genetic manipulation?
• In a dihybrid cross, how many traits are studied?
• Which group of regulatory genes plays a crucial role in determining the identity and arrangement of body parts during development?
• Which term refers to chromosome pairs carrying genes for the same traits at corresponding loci?
• What is epigenetics and how can the environment affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence?
• What term describes a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes (Humans 2N = 46)?
• How does UV light cause mutations and what type of DNA damage does it typically cause?
• What is a pedigree and how is it used to infer inheritance?
• Who built the first accurate model of the DNA as a three-dimensional double-helix strand and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962?
• In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygotes for a completely dominant trait, what is the expected phenotypic ratio?
• Which term refers to a body cell, or non-sex cell?
• During DNA replication, which enzyme lays down the RNA primer?
• What is gel electrophoresis used for in genetic analysis?
• What is the process of copying DNA segments into messenger RNA called?
• Which term describes a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes (Humans N = 23)?
• The use of living organisms to manufacture drugs or manage waste is described by which term?
• What term describes offspring that are the result of mating between genetically similar kinds of parents, i.e., true breeding?
• The most common error in meiosis occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate. What is this process called?
• If a codon on mRNA is GGG, what is the anticodon on tRNA that pairs with it?
• In autosomal dominant trait, what is a typical pedigree pattern?
• Who is the British biophysicist whose X-ray diffraction work on DNA established the double-helix structure of DNA?
• Codominance occurs when both alleles of a gene are expressed in an individual (e.g., Black and White speckled). Which choice best describes codominance?
• Which term describes patterns of inheritance that do not follow Mendel's laws, such as incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, or sex-linked traits?
• What process involves selecting and breeding individuals to develop desirable traits?
• State Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions.
• What is the chromosomal theory of inheritance?
• Which diagram shows the occurrence and appearance of a trait across generations and can be used to track inheritance?
• Which statement best distinguishes a gene mutation from a chromosomal mutation?
• A condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes because a complete set of chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis (e.g., 3N or 4N) is called?
• In sexual reproduction, what term describes the union of sperm with an egg to form the first cell of a new organism?
• Who is known as the father of genetics?
• Which statement best captures an ethical concern about germline modification?
• Distinguish autosomal from sex-linked inheritance with an example.
• Define a gene pool, and how does gene flow influence genetic variation among populations?
• What does a Punnett square illustrate?
• Why is proofreading important during DNA replication?
• Which term describes a variation of a gene located at a locus?
• What is PCR and what is it used for in genetics?
• What is a sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis?
• The passing of traits from one generation to the next is called what?
• Which concept states that individuals best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce, increasing the frequency of their alleles?
• A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait is known as a what?
• How does a gene differ from a chromosome in terms of structure and function?
• Which law states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes?
• Which enzyme seals Okazaki fragments?
• In a dihybrid cross AaBb x AaBb, classic phenotypic ratio?
• What term describes the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism?
• Which American biochemist is associated with establishing that DNA is the genetic material and with Chargaff's base-pair rules?
• What term describes random fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next due to chance?
• What term is used to describe the full genetic material inherited by an organism?
• What field studies how gene activity is regulated by factors other than changes to the DNA sequence?
• What is genetic linkage and how does crossing over influence the inheritance of linked genes?
• An allele that produces the same phenotype whether paired with an identical or different allele is called what?
• What is the process of making an exact copy of the DNA prior to cell division?
• Why are X-linked recessive disorders more commonly expressed in males?
• What is a plasmid and how is it used in gene cloning?
• The generation that results from crossing the first set of parents is called what?
• An individual with an extra copy of a chromosome is described as having what?
• What mutation occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome?
• Which term describes the method used to identify an individual by analyzing their DNA patterns?
• What term describes a fertilized egg?
• Define point mutations and name three types and their effects on a protein.
• Trisomy 21 results in which condition?
• Color blindness is typically X-linked recessive. Why are males more often affected?
• Which term describes non-sex cells?
• What is the process by which a single parent reproduces by itself?
• Where does transcription occur?
• Which statement accurately describes autosomal dominant inheritance in a pedigree?
• What is the term for offspring from mating between genetically different kinds of parents?
• Incomplete dominance occurs when one allele is not completely dominant over the other, or blending occurs (e.g., Red + White = Pink). Which choice best describes this pattern?
• The general name for taking a piece of one DNA, and combining it with another strand of DNA. Used to produce once rare medicinal proteins and hormones as well as vaccines.
• What term describes the combination of two alleles at a gene locus, such as Bb?
• Which molecule delivers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
• Which RNA component forms the ribosome and facilitates peptide bond formation?
• Which cross would you perform to study two traits at the same time?
• Which British physicist worked with Franklin to produce X-ray images that determined the double-helix structure of DNA and shared the 1962 Nobel Prize with Watson & Crick?
• Which chromosomal mutation increases the number of copies of a chromosome segment?
• Which chromosomal mutation occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a non-homologous chromosome?
• Which mechanism describes the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis to generate new allele combinations?
• A trait genetically determined by an allele located on the sex chromosome is called what?
• Replacing defective genes in a living organism (especially humans) with healthy genes, and is used to treat genetic disorders and diseases.
• What is codominance? Provide a human trait example.
• In an X-linked color blindness cross between a color-blind male and a carrier female, what fraction of sons will be color-blind?
• Differentiate transcription and translation in the flow of genetic information (central dogma).
• Which term refers to the complete genetic material of an organism?
• Which diagram shows the possible gene combinations from a genetic cross?
• In a dihybrid cross with linked genes, what effect does crossing over have on variation and phenotypic ratios?
• What is a triplet of nucleotides in tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon and helps specify a particular amino acid?
• In translation, which molecule carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
• What is the specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction called?
• Which statement about X-linked inheritance is true?
• In a diploid organism, how are allele pairs separated into gametes?
• Which term refers to the use of living organisms in manufacturing products or environmental management?
• The complete set of genetic instructions an organism inherits is called its what?
• Define homozygous and heterozygous with a single-gene trait example.
• Which term describes a trait controlled by two or more genes that results in a wide range of phenotypes?
• Which tool is used to predict offspring genotypes from parental alleles?
• Nondisjunction can lead to aneuploidy. Which scenario describes what can happen during meiosis?
• A codon consists of how many nucleotides?
• Which allele type masks the effect of its paired allele?
• Which term describes a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes (Humans 2N = 46)?
• What are transposable elements and how can they influence a genome?
• Cross TT x tt in a completely dominant trait: what is the genotype of all offspring?
• Traits that are controlled by more than two alleles (for example ABO blood typing) are called
• Which term best matches the description of a DNA copying technique that yields many copies of a target segment?
• The combination of alleles on homologous chromosomes that determines a trait is known as what?
• An individual's unique sequence of DNA base pairs, determined by exposing a sample of the person's DNA to molecular probes, is called?
• What is the role of tRNA during translation?
• In a monohybrid cross for a single-gene trait with complete dominance, what do TT, Tt, and tt represent?
• In a dihybrid cross involving two genes that are tightly linked with little recombination, what proportion of offspring will show recombinant phenotypes?
• What is recombination frequency and what does it tell you about two genes?
• Autosomal genes are located on which chromosomes?
• What is synthetic biology, and give an example of a real-world application?
• Which term describes a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes (Humans N = 23)?
• Which chromosomal mutation rearranges the order of genes on a chromosome without changing the amount of genetic material?
• 'Top tier' regulatory genes that control the identity of body parts and the organization of the body.
• DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms is called?
• Which statement about DNA replication is correct?
• An allele that produces its phenotype only when paired with an identical allele is called what?
• What is a promoter and where does transcription begin?
• Which process ensures genetic variation by shuffling maternal and paternal chromosomes before gamete formation?
• Distinguish genotype from phenotype with an example.
• Which generation is produced directly from crossing two P-generation organisms?
• One that has artificially acquired one or more genes from the same or different species is called?
• An alternative form of a gene located at a specific position on a chromosome is called what?
• The process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms is called?
• Which allele type expresses a trait only when paired with an identical allele?
• What is a codon and what is an anticodon?
• Which chromosomal mutation reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome?
• Which chromosomal mutation results in extra copies of parts of a chromosome?
• Which term describes the complete set of genetic material in an organism's cells, often used to describe pairs of chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits at corresponding loci?
• Which term refers to circular DNA found in bacteria?
• Which term describes a picture of an organism's genome used for chromosomal analysis?
• Which field focuses on designing and constructing new biological systems, such as enzymes, genetic circuits, and cells?
• Which process copies specific portions of DNA into messenger RNA?
• What is a base pair and how does DNA replication maintain fidelity?
• Which term best describes the cloning of organisms to create genetically identical copies?
• A type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins.
• Which statement best describes how mutations contribute to genetic variation in populations?
• Unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, and they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
• What term refers to the study of the field of heredity?
• Which of the following is a real-world application of synthetic biology?
• ABO blood types illustrate what genetic concept?
• Which term describes the long DNA-protein complex found in the nucleus during interphase?